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The 7 Layers of the OSI Model #LayerFunctionCommon Protocols / Tools7ApplicationWhere users and software interactHTTP, HTTPS, DNS, SSH, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, etc.6PresentationTranslates, encrypts, and formats dataSSL/TLS, MIME, JSON, ASCII, JPEG5SessionStarts, manages, and ends sessionsTCP session, NetBIOS, RPC4TransportEnsures data delivery (error checking, retransmission)TCP, UDP, SCTP3NetworkHandles routing and addressing between
Understanding Virtual 1D index → 2D coordinates: How does this formula work? row = index / n col = index % n Mapping 1D to 2D Imagine you have a bookshelf with 4 shelves (rows), and each shelf holds 3 books (columns). Shelf 0: [Book0] [Book1] [Book2] Shelf 1: [Book3] [Book4] [Book5] Shelf 2: [Book6]
I was solving the classic problem of calculating the widest binary tree level - essentially finding the maximum width of in the tree. I had doubts around how left and right indices of nodes is calulated because I thought we use the standard formulas for calculating indices: left := 2i + 1
Why nslookup works but ping says “Name or service not known”? Let’s get basic terminology straight up — and it’s assumed you already understand how DNS resolution works. In my quest to understand how tools like nslookup and ping behave differently, I was honestly confused by the terms DNS